<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2007 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla ba\u015flayan g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesinin ard\u0131nda, 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda patlak veren k\u00fcresel ekonomik kriz ve sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan isyanlar yat\u0131yor. G\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla birlikte 40\u2019tan fazla \u00fclkede halk ayaklanmas\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, g\u0131da krizine yan\u0131t veremeyen devletlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve me\u015frulu\u011fu halk nezdinde sorgulan\u0131r hale gelmi\u015fti. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tunus ile ba\u015flayan “Arap Bahar\u0131” isyanlar\u0131, r\u0131za g\u00f6stermeyen bir halk\u0131n bask\u0131c\u0131 rejimleri bile nas\u0131l sarsaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f, d\u00fcnya devletlerini deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. D\u00fcnya 2008 krizinin etkilerini a\u015famadan 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan pandemiyle birlikte artan kurakl\u0131k, yeni bir isyan dalgas\u0131n\u0131 tetikleyecek noktaya geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Y\u00f6netememe kriziyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan egemenler, soruna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u0131da ve Tar\u0131m \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (FAO) taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan “D\u00fcnyada G\u0131da G\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve Beslenme Raporu; d\u00fcnya genelinde 2 milyardan fazla insan\u0131n g\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor ve ekliyor e\u011fer \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmazsa 2030 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00e7eken insan say\u0131s\u0131 840 milyonu a\u015facak! Oysa yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce bu\u011fday ve pirin\u00e7ten yola \u00e7\u0131karak, bir mucize olarak ilan edilen \u201cYe\u015fil Devrim\u201d a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bitirecek, g\u0131daya eri\u015fim sorununu ortadan kald\u0131racakt\u0131\u2026 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cYe\u015fil Devrim\u201dle birlikte hayata ge\u00e7irilen end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131mda, y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde, yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan zararl\u0131 pestisitlerin insan ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri oldu. G\u0131dan\u0131n kontrol\u00fc ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketlerin eline ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e topraklar \u00e7orakla\u015ft\u0131, halklar yoksullu\u011fa ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa mahk\u00fbm oldu. \u201cYe\u015fil Devrim\u201d bununla da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmad\u0131 insan\u0131n toprakla, g\u0131dayla, k\u00fclt\u00fcrle ve ne yaz\u0131k ki insanla ili\u015fkisini zaman i\u00e7inde kopard\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131, do\u011fal felaket tehditleri, gittik\u00e7e artan mega in\u015faat projeleri ve kentle\u015fme e\u011filimleri sonucunda olu\u015fan ye\u015fil alan kay\u0131plar\u0131na, ya\u015fam ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131m\u0131za, g\u0131dam\u0131za, ekosisteme ve bizzat hayat\u0131m\u0131za yap\u0131lan bu neoliberal sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 topyek\u00fcn bir direni\u015f, tabandan filizlenen bir halk hareketini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 2007\u2019de La Via Campasina \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Mali\u2019de yap\u0131lan D\u00fcnya G\u0131da Egemenli\u011fi Forumu bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cG\u0131da egemenli\u011fi; insanlar\u0131n ekolojik olarak do\u011fa dostu y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00fcretilmi\u015f, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak uygun g\u0131daya ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile kendi g\u0131da ve tar\u0131m sistemlerini belirleme hakk\u0131d\u0131r. G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi, kurumsal \u015firketlerin ve pazar\u0131n taleplerinin yerine, g\u0131da sistemlerinin merkezine g\u0131day\u0131 \u00fcreten, da\u011f\u0131tan ve t\u00fcketenleri koyar. Gelecek neslin dahiliyetini ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunur. G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi yerel ve ulusal ekonomilere ve pazarlara \u00f6ncelik verir; k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fi odakl\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131, geleneksel bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7oban-odakl\u0131 otlatmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7evresel, toplumsal ve ekonomik s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik temel al\u0131narak yap\u0131lan g\u0131da \u00fcretimini, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00fcketimini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi bask\u0131dan; kad\u0131nlar, erkekler, insanlar, halklar, toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar ve nesiller aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizlikten muaf yeni toplumsal ili\u015fkileri ifade eder.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u0131da Egemenli\u011fi\u2019nin alt\u0131 temel ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bunlar; <\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. \u0130nsanlar i\u00e7in g\u0131daya odaklanma:<\/strong> G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n, halklar\u0131n, topluluklar\u0131n yeterli, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan uygun g\u0131daya eri\u015fim haklar\u0131n\u0131 teslim eder ve bunu b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u0131da, tar\u0131m, besi hayvan\u0131 ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k merkezlerinde uygular. Bu topluluklara a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00e7ekenler, i\u015fgal alt\u0131nda olanlar, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131nda olanlar ve \u00f6tekile\u015fenler de dahildir. Ayr\u0131ca, g\u0131dan\u0131n herhangi bir mal ya da uluslararas\u0131 tar\u0131m \u015firketlerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu durumlar\u0131 reddeder. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. G\u0131da \u00fcreticilerine de\u011fer verme:<\/strong> G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi yap\u0131lan katk\u0131lara de\u011fer verir ve onlar\u0131 destekler; kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, erkeklerin, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerinin, \u00e7obanlar\u0131n, geleneksel bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 halklar\u0131n\u0131n, orman k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin, yerli halklar\u0131n ve i\u00e7inde g\u0131dalar\u0131 yeti\u015ftiren, b\u00fcy\u00fcten ve hasat eden g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin de bulundu\u011fu tar\u0131mda ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterir; bu insanlar\u0131 de\u011fersizle\u015ftiren, onlar\u0131 yok eden ve ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden politikalar\u0131, eylemleri ve programlar\u0131 reddeder. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. G\u0131da sistemlerini yerelle\u015ftirme:<\/strong> G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi g\u0131da \u00fcreticilerini ve t\u00fcketicileri daha da yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r; her ikisini de g\u0131dayla ilgili al\u0131nan karar verme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin merkezine al\u0131r; g\u0131da \u00fcreticilerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlardan ve yerel pazarlardaki g\u0131da yard\u0131m\u0131ndan korur; t\u00fcketicileri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli ve sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z g\u0131dalardan, ayr\u0131ca uygunsuz g\u0131da yard\u0131m\u0131 ve GDO\u2019lu g\u0131dalardan korur; s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemeyen ve adaletsiz uluslararas\u0131 ticareti te\u015fvik eden ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olan y\u00f6netim yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, anla\u015fmalar\u0131 ve uygulamalar\u0131 reddeder; kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131 i\u00e7in destek verir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Kontrol\u00fc yerelden sa\u011flama: <\/strong>G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi yerel g\u0131da \u00fcreticilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 topraklar\u0131, arazileri, otlaklar\u0131, sular\u0131, tohumlar\u0131, besi hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eder ve onlar\u0131n haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 duyar. G\u0131da \u00fcreticileri bunlar\u0131 toplumsal ve \u00e7evresel olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olacak \u015fekilde kullanabilir ve payla\u015fabilir, b\u00f6ylelikle \u00e7e\u015fitlilik korunur; g\u0131da egemenli\u011fi yerel topraklar\u0131n jeopolitik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark eder ve yerel topluluklar\u0131n kendi topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanma ve orada ya\u015fama haklar\u0131n\u0131 garanti eder; farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lge ve topraklardaki g\u0131da \u00fcreticileri ile farkl\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerden gelenler aras\u0131ndaki pozitif etkile\u015fimi te\u015fvik eder, bu sayede i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ya da yerel ve ulusal y\u00f6netimler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur ve do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n, kanunlar, ticari anla\u015fmalar ve fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 rejimi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. Bilgi ve beceri geli\u015ftirme:<\/strong> G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi g\u0131day\u0131 \u00fcretenlerin ve onlar\u0131n yerel \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin beceri ve yerel bilgilerinin \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu sayede \u00fcreticiler yerelle\u015fmi\u015f g\u0131da \u00fcretimini ve hasat sistemini korur, geli\u015ftirir ve y\u00f6netir; ayr\u0131ca bir yandan bu bilgeli\u011fi desteklemek ve sonraki nesillere aktarmak i\u00e7in uygun ara\u015ft\u0131rma sistemleri geli\u015ftirir; bu sistemlerin alt\u0131n\u0131 oyacak, onlar\u0131 tehdit edecek veya zarar verecek teknolojileri (\u00f6rn. genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi) reddeder.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. Do\u011fayla beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma:<\/strong> G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi do\u011fan\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 alanda kullan\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u0131\u015f girdili agro-ekolojik \u00fcretim ve ekosistemin maksimum oranda katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6zellikle iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine ra\u011fmen esnemenin ve uyumun geli\u015fti\u011fi hasat sistemleri bunlara \u00f6rnektir. G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi gezegeni iyile\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ki gezegen de bizi iyile\u015ftirsin; yararl\u0131 ekosistem i\u015flevlerine zarar veren, enerji t\u00fcketen tek k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc tar\u0131ma ve besi hayvan\u0131 fabrikalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan y\u00f6ntemlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar; ayr\u0131ca \u00e7evreye zarar veren ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya katk\u0131da bulunan zararl\u0131 bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k pratiklerini ve di\u011fer end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretim y\u00f6netimlerini de reddeder. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu perspektifle bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda G\u0131da meselesinin s\u0131n\u0131f, ekoloji, toplumsal cinsiyet, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i ve mevsimlik i\u015f\u00e7i<\/strong> meselesi oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. Bu temel ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 biraz daha detayl\u0131 olarak ele alal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u0131da Neden S\u0131n\u0131f Meselesidir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n End\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fi verimsiz bulup yerine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fi ikame ettik\u00e7e, sanayile\u015fmeyle birlikte k\u0131rdan kente g\u00f6\u00e7lerde h\u0131zland\u0131. 1985 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra ilk kez kent n\u00fcfusu k\u0131r n\u00fcfusunu ge\u00e7ti. K\u0131r emek\u00e7ileri kent \u00e7eperlerinde sanayiye ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc olurken yeterli ve dengeli beslenebilecekleri sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u0131dalara ula\u015famaz oldular. Geleneksel, yerel, besleyici g\u0131dan\u0131n yerini, kalori deposu, ucuz, beslemeyen ve ard\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn oldu\u011fu fast food g\u0131da ald\u0131. G\u0131dan\u0131n kontrol\u00fc egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e, alt s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilecek temel g\u0131da maddelerine eri\u015fimi d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun % 80\u2019i m\u00fclkiyetten yoksun, emek g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden ba\u015fka satacak bir \u015feyi olmayanlard\u0131r. Azami kar i\u00e7in ileri teknoloji y\u00f6ntemlerine y\u00f6nelinmesi d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fsiz b\u0131rakarak art\u0131k n\u00fcfus haline getirmi\u015ftir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fabilecek bir i\u015f bulanlar ise \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelir ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli i\u015f\u00e7ilik ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda g\u00fcvencesiz ya\u015famaya mahkum edilmi\u015flerdir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kapitalizm ve end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fsizli\u011fi ve yoksullu\u011fu s\u00fcrekli hale getirmektedir. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 adil, temiz g\u0131daya ula\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde en \u00f6nemli engelllerdir. G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi perspektifi ile ne, ni\u00e7in, nas\u0131l, nerede ve kim i\u00e7in \u00fcretiliyor sorular\u0131na somut cevap vererek k\u0131r ve kent emek\u00e7ilerinin g\u0131da \u00fcretimi ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6z sahibi oldu\u011fu kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ve m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 her emek\u00e7inin insani gelir elde etti\u011fi ko\u015fullarda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve temiz g\u0131daya herkes ula\u015fabilir. Bunun i\u00e7in g\u0131da meselesi bir s\u0131n\u0131f meselesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u0131da Neden Ekoloji Meselesidir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u0131rdan kente g\u00f6\u00e7lerle birlikte, kentler kontrols\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve kent \u00e7evresindeki tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 yok olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Kentler kendi g\u0131das\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretemeyen, \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6pleri geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcremeyen, do\u011fal dengeyi bozacak \u015fekilde topra\u011f\u0131n, suyun, havan\u0131n kirlendi\u011fi yerler haline geldiler. K\u0131rda ise \u00e7ift\u00e7iye dayat\u0131lan bu sistem, sertifikas\u0131z tohum \u00fcretimini \u2018g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi\u2019 i\u00e7in tehdit olarak dayat\u0131yor ve \u00fcreticiyi hibrit, k\u0131s\u0131r tohum satan k\u00fcresel \u015firketlere ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getiriyor. Yine tar\u0131mda kimyasal g\u00fcbre ve ila\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik eden, daha \u00e7ok hasat yapma hayaliyle \u00e7ift\u00e7iyi \u00f6deyemeyece\u011fi bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rakan bir sistem var kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda. Daha \u00e7ok maden ve enerji sekt\u00f6rleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131ksa da end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m ve g\u00fcbre \u015firketleri ayn\u0131 zamanda iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine neden olan sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birinden sorumlu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada h\u0131zl\u0131 kentle\u015fme sonucu tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 azal\u0131rken kimyasal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kullan\u0131m miktar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli artmaktad\u0131r. Zararl\u0131 kimyasallar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n, topra\u011f\u0131, yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u0131dalar\u0131 kirletmesi do\u011fal dengeyi bozarak, \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7makta, \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlere ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirmekte ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u0131da \u00fcretimini tehdit etmektedir. Girdi temininden, \u00fcretim, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve pazarlamaya kadar tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim zincirinin t\u00fcm a\u015famalar\u0131na hakim olan ve b\u00f6ylelikle yoksullar\u0131n ucuz ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u0131daya eri\u015fimini engelleyen \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketler tar\u0131msal \u00fcretiminin belirleyicisi durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Su, toprak ve havan\u0131n kirlili\u011finin artmas\u0131 temiz ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u0131da \u00fcretimini olanaks\u0131z k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bir yandan su, toprak ve havan\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve temizlenmesi m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131rken di\u011fer yandan \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc \u00fcreticilerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak b\u00f6lgenin, k\u00f6y\u00fcn yada havzan\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n birlikte d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci i\u00e7ine girmesi hedeflenmelidir. Bunun i\u00e7in g\u0131da meselesi ayn\u0131 zamanda ekoloji meselesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u0131da Neden Toplumsal Cinsiyet Meselesidir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 T\u00dc\u0130K i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m cinsiyet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 raporuna g\u00f6re g\u0131da \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 42\u2019si kad\u0131n \u00e7ift\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor. Yine kad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 78\u2019i \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Tarlada, ba\u011fda bah\u00e7ede, ah\u0131rda, a\u011f\u0131lda bitkisel ve hayvansal \u00fcretimin i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayan kad\u0131nlar, bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda; ev i\u015flerini, hasta, ya\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapmakta, ayr\u0131ca aile beslenmesinde de \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6revi \u00fcstlenmekteler. K\u0131saca kad\u0131nlar, tarlada, ba\u011fda, bah\u00e7ede \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00fcreten, evini y\u00f6neten, ailesini besleyen \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7isidirler. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131n \u00e7ift\u00e7iler sosyal g\u00fcvenlik uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmakta, g\u00fcvencesiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bug\u00fcn ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ekolojik sorunlar\u0131n, g\u0131da sorular\u0131n\u0131n temelinde erkek egemen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 do\u011fadan alabilece\u011fimiz g\u0131da yerine metan\u0131n pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fer. \u0130nsanlar\u0131 doyurmak i\u00e7in g\u0131da \u00fcretmek yerine, otomobiller i\u00e7in yak\u0131t \u00fcretimine ve\/veya end\u00fcstriyel hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in yem bitkileri \u00fcretimine kafa yorar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Inter-Amerikan Tar\u0131m \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ne g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar g\u0131dan\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretmelerine ra\u011fmen topra\u011f\u0131n y\u00fczde 15\u2019inden daha az\u0131na sahipler. Bunun ancak y\u00fczde 2\u2019si geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere ait. K\u00f6yl\u00fc kad\u0131nlar, ortak mallar ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc tar\u0131m\u0131, kendi topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkileyen s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ve end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m projelerinin tehditlerinden en \u00e7ok etkilenenler. K\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde, orta veya \u015fiddetli g\u0131da g\u00fcvensizli\u011finin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda erkeklere g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksektir. Kad\u0131n \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin ve \u00fcreticilerin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmas\u0131 onlar\u0131n taleplerinin hareket i\u00e7inde tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z kabul edilmesi bu yok sayma ve \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcnmezli\u011fi\u201d ortadan kald\u0131racak ad\u0131mlar\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu bak\u0131mdan Brezilya\u2019da Topraks\u0131z K\u0131r \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Hareketi, (MST)\u2019de de uygulanan kad\u0131n \u00e7ift\u00e7iler meclisinden gelen \u00f6nergelerin genel kurullarda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmadan onaylanarak ge\u00e7mesi perspektifi yol a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Kooperatif\u00e7ilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da kad\u0131n kooperatifleri ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6nceli\u011fi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kooperatifler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla topra\u011f\u0131na, ya\u015fam\u0131na, eme\u011fine sahip \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile g\u0131da meselesi ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumsal cinsiyet meselesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u0131da Neden G\u00f6\u00e7men \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Meselesidir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcnyada artan yoksulla\u015fma i\u015fsiz ve gelece\u011fini g\u00f6remeyen milyonlarca insan\u0131 daha zengin olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri \u00fclkelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye y\u00f6nlendirmektedir. Daha \u00e7ok g\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinden, kuzey \u00fclkeleri denilen ABD, Kanada, Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fclkelerine do\u011fru bir g\u00f6\u00e7 e\u011filimi vard\u0131r. Tabi ki bu g\u00fczergahlarda bir \u00e7ok ara bekleme \u00fclkesi de mevcuttur. Bu g\u00fcvencesiz, kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 n\u00fcfus bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede \u00e7ok ucuza hatta bazen resmi yetkililere ihbar edilme tehditiyle \u00fccretsiz olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin en rahat i\u015f bulabildikleri alanlardan biri de tar\u0131md\u0131r. Karadeniz\u2019de \u00e7ay \u00fcretiminde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan G\u00fcrc\u00fcler buna en somut \u00f6rnek olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde \u00d6zbek, Afgan ve Suriyeli g\u00f6\u00e7menler tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde yo\u011fun olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yani sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, temiz, adil g\u0131daya eri\u015fim s\u00fcreci g\u0131dan\u0131n nas\u0131l ve kimler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretildi\u011fine de bakmay\u0131 gerektirmektedir. \u00dcretim yap\u0131l\u0131rken ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ranlar\u0131n; bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 verip, vermedikleri, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin temiz, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bar\u0131nak imkanlar\u0131na sahip olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131, sosyal g\u00fcvencelerinin olup, olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi konular\u0131 sorgulamak, sadece \u00fcretilen g\u0131daya odaklanmamak g\u0131dan\u0131n geri plandaki \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini de ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak gerekir. Bu bak\u0131mdan g\u0131da meselesi ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i meselesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u0131da Neden Mevsimlik \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Meselesidir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yine \u00fclke i\u00e7i i\u015fsizlik ve yoksullu\u011fun artmas\u0131 ile ge\u00e7inmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere ge\u00e7ici olarak giden resmi mevzuatta \u201cmevsimlik i\u015f\u00e7i\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlananlar\u0131n da tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve ya\u015fama ko\u015fullar\u0131 taba\u011f\u0131m\u0131za gelen g\u0131dan\u0131n geri plan\u0131na bakmay\u0131 gerektiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Diyarbak\u0131r Mezopotamya Mevsimlik Tar\u0131m \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Derne\u011fi (MET-DER) kuruldu. MET-DER, t\u00fcm tar\u0131m emek\u00e7ilerini insanca, onurlu bir ya\u015fam i\u00e7in dernek \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ve m\u00fccadele etmeye davet etti. Yay\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131 talepler listesi ile de mevsimlik i\u015f\u00e7ilerin temel sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirdiler. (1) Taleplerin ba\u015f\u0131nda mevsimlik ge\u00e7ici i\u015f\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na neden olan ko\u015fullar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini talep ettiler. Bug\u00fcn Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da ki G\u00fcle\u00e7k\u00f6y kolektifi ve Suru\u00e7\u2019taki Kibele Kooperatifi ortaklar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilikten \u00e7\u0131karak bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgede \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine dahil olabilecekleri modeller geli\u015ftirmektedirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l Adapazar\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fanan f\u0131nd\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7ilerine yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131 ve lin\u00e7 giri\u015fimi sorunlar\u0131n halen devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. G\u0131da meselesi ayn\u0131 zamanda mevsimlik i\u015f\u00e7i meselesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonu\u00e7 Yerine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Mevcut k\u00fcresel g\u0131da sistemi, toplumlar\u0131n g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamay\u0131 ba\u015faramad\u0131. Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda bir milyardan fazla insan a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00e7ekiyor. K\u00fcresel g\u0131da sisteminin, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine yol a\u00e7an ve tar\u0131msal-biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi tahrip eden yo\u011fun tar\u0131m-sanayi modelini te\u015fvik etmesinin \u00e7evreye son derece olumsuz bir etkisi var. Bu sistem bilhassa kad\u0131nlara b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar veriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi hem \u015fehir hem k\u0131rsaldaki insanlar i\u00e7in; hem yoksul hem de zengin devletler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok anlam ifade eder. G\u0131da egemenli\u011fi neoliberalizme, serbest piyasaya, y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ticaret ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 bir direni\u015f alan\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar, demokratik g\u0131da ve iktisat sistemleri, adil, s\u00fcreklilik arzeden bir gelecek kurmaya da zemin olu\u015fturur. G\u0131day\u0131, toplumu ve hayat\u0131 kontrol etmek isteyen ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketlere kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fimiz, ger\u00e7ek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin tarihsel olarak ezilen ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen<\/strong> halklar, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, yerli topluluklar ve kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen tar\u0131m\u0131n me\u015frulu\u011fundan geliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n